Guwahati: Researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), under the leadership of Dr Rajkumar Thummer, in collaboration with scientists from Christian Medical College, Vellore, have reported a method to convert regular human skin cells into pluripotent stem cells.

Explaining the basics of stem cells, Thummer, Assistant Professor in the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Guwahati, said the human body is made of many kinds of cells -- nerve cells, heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic cells, and so on, with unique structures and functions. All these distinctive cells originate from stem cells to perform a specific function.

Lack of any of this cell type in a body will result in a disease or disorder. Thus, stem cells can be programmed to develop into mature functional cells, which can be used to replace damaged cells.

Stem cells have to be extracted from embryos or parts of the adult human body like the brain or bone marrow, which is challenging from both ethical and practical aspects.

Thus, scientists are exploring techniques to convert ordinary cells, like skin or blood cells, into pluripotent stem cells that can be programmed to develop into any other form of an adult cell type.

These cells are called Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs). The most important advantage of iPSCs is their potential to produce patient-specific cells, which can be transplanted to the site of injury or tissue degeneration due to various disease conditions, thereby eliminating any chance of immune rejection.

The conversion of mature cells into iPSCs was first shown by Prof. Shinya Yamanaka, who won the Nobel Prize in 2012 for his discovery. This research involved introducing specific genes into mature cells to convert them into iPSCs.

Thummer and his colleagues have used a safe, integration-free method, and have introduced genes such as OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, L-MYC, LIN28 and a p53 shRNA into skin cells to transform them into iPSCs.

Emphasising the significance of the research, Prof. Shaji Velayudhan, a collaborator from CMC, Vellore, said, “The generation of iPSCs is a major step forward in the field of regenerative medicine. It will not only facilitate local research in the North East but also encourage collaborations with national and international institutions, ultimately benefitting patients in the region.”

This research paper has been published in the journal Stem Cell Research, authored by Khyati Raina, Gaurav Joshi, Kirti Modak, Chitra Premkumar, Sweety Priyanka, Praveena Rajesh, Prof. Shaji Velayudhan and Dr Rajkumar P. Thummer.

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